Over the past decade, the use of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) as a cell therapy for treating various diseases such as tissue damage and immune system diseases has been clinically proven to be safe. MSC therapy has immunomodulatory effects, such as immunosuppressive or immunostimulatory properties, varying depending on the individual. Clinical applications of ex vivo expanded mesenchymal stem cells show that MSCs are multipotent adult cells that can differentiate into neural, muscle, cartilage, bone, tendon, and adipose tissues. They secrete immuno-regulatory factors that regulate innate and adaptive immune responses, as well as their affinity for tumor lesions or tissue damage, enhancing immunity, repair, rehabilitation, making them powerful preparation for regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, and the treatment of immune diseases for clinical use.

The isolation of MSCs usually involves enzymatic digestion of tissue or tissue breakdown, cord blood, bone marrow, placenta, followed by gradient centrifugation to separate nucleated cells or through magnetic bead cell sorting. Due to the low frequency of MSC progenitor cells in body tissues and the large number of MSCs required for research and clinical use, extensive manipulation and passaging of MSCs from primary culture for several weeks (usually 4-6 weeks) are necessary before transplanting enough stem cells into patients for clinical treatment purposes.